African American Women And Affirmative Action - 1307 Words

African American Women and Affirmative Action How does one correct centuries of discrimination without alienating the majority, who have benefitted from the mistreatment of minorities as citizens of this country? Before understanding how affirmative action has an effect on U.S. history, one must comprehend what it is and what the motive was behind it. Affirmative action was the effort to improve education and career opportunities for women and minorities to make up for past discrimination practices. On March 6, 1961, President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order #10925, ensuring that all federally funded projects, such as repairing highways or funding public education, â€Å"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed,†¦show more content†¦Bakke (1978), Allan Bakke, a white applicant who was denied admission twice by UC Davis School of Medicine, alleged that the university admitted students with lower GPAs and MCAT scores than him. Protesting on the streets was not effective enough as an approach as the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke in a 5-4 vote. Racial â€Å"quotas†, or â€Å"goals† as minorities like to call them, were ruled unconstitutional; however, a school’s use of â€Å"affirmative action† to enroll more minorities was constitutional in certain cases. Even though affirmative action is supposed to help minorities equally, white women are the main beneficiaries. In fact, certain studies and data show that white women in particular benefit disproportionately. In 2013, Fisher v. University of Texas mirrors Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978), in which Abigail Fisher, then 23, claimed that Texas University was accepting people who didn’t have the qualifications, further stating that she was denied solely because of her race. The truth was that affirmative action was not her problem; Fisher’s grades simply weren’t good enough. The acceptance rate at UT is 40% and even lower for in-state students out side of the top 10%. The chances of her being accepted were close to none, regardless of race. Although, Fisher was rejected by UT, she still had an advantage regarding both higher education and job opportunities, as anyone does when born with privilege. According to a decade old study, women

Prison Overcrowding Essay - 2453 Words

In 1994, the state of California followed the lead of Washington and signed a law that Californians know of as the three strikes law. With all the campaigning and publicity surrounding the law it was overwhelmingly welcomed into the legal system. The purpose of the law was to elongate the sentence of time spent in prison for repeat offenders, mainly focusing in violent or major crimes. As a result, the correction’s system has felt the effects of the law literally on prisons. Overcrowding prisons is a major problem in California and the state has a limited amount of time to correct the population reach in the California prisons. Prison population has been an issue for every California governor office to face since the first prison†¦show more content†¦However, California judges were looking at the bigger picture and would foresee the negative effects and the stipulation of the law binding up the court system. The judges had a very limited amount of authority on se ntencing anyone falling in the categories under the three strikes law. Convicted felons would spend a longer period of time in the prison. The state and voters created a problem California would have to deal with. Decades later a closely divided Supreme Court cited serious constitutional violations in Californias overcrowded prisons and ordered the state to abide by aggressive plans to fix the problem (Doyle, 2011). In a decision closely watched by other states, the court concluded by 5-4 that the prison overcrowding violated constitutional protections against cruel and unusual punishment. Pointedly, the court rejected Californias bid for more time and leeway. The violations have persisted for years, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote for the majority. They remain uncorrected. Now the California government has been under close watch by the entire nation to see how to solve this problem and keep within the laws set forth by the voters of California. After the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that California has to reduce its prison population to relieve overcrowding, a nightmare which has resulted from a string of poor political decisions, including the passage of harsh mandatory minimum and three-strikes laws. Since 1994,Show MoreRelatedPrison Overcrowding1187 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper will discuss prison overcrowding and what type of numbers have come about over the years when it comes to inmates being imprisoned. It will discuss the cost of a prisoner annually as well as the decision to add verses build when it comes to new facilities. The overcrowding in one particular prison will be touched on as well as whose responsibility it is for upkeep. It will discuss how funding plays a role in overcrowding as well as the â€Å"three strikes† rule in California andRead MorePrison Overcrowding2966 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Using Proposals from Nevada and California to Recommend an Alternative Answer† By: Casey Apao For: Dr. Sarri CSN Fall 2010 Dedication: â€Å"I, the undersigned, Casey Apao hereby certify that without the assistance of Henry Apao this Critical Thinking Scientific Paper wouldn’t be done.† Signed , Casey Apao Disclaimer: â€Å"I, Casey Apao hereby certify that this Critical Thinking Scientific Paper is the result of my sole intellectualRead MoreOvercrowding Prisons And The Prisons Essay1785 Words   |  8 PagesAlma Gonzalez Professor Shaw SOC 474OL 11 August 2016 Overcrowding Prisons Prisons were essentially built to accommodate a number of prisoners, but over the years, it has reached over capacity. Today in the United States, there are approximately 193,468 federal inmates that consist of the Bureau of Prisons Custody, private managed facilities and other facilities. The inmates ages range from 18- 65 with the median age being in their late 30’s. This number is counting both male and female populationRead MoreArticle Report On Overcrowding Of Prison Overcrowding1074 Words   |  5 Pages Clark, Charles S. Prison Overcrowding. CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 1994: 97-120. Web. 26 Mar. 2016. This article discusses overcrowding in the United States prison system, due in part to mandatory prison sentences. Additionally, this article also discusses the challenges in managing the overpopulation of prisons and gives an objective look at solutions, to include building more prisons, to combat overcrowding. While the author does not include information about himself and his qualifications, hisRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantial gains, inmates are suffering in confinement cells, officials are negotiating over the issue, and the public is protesting to make their opinions count. The prison crisis has continued to grow over the years, causing a great uproar among all of California’s 32 state prisons. Prison overcrowding has been an increasingly vital issueRead MoreThe Overcrowding Of Prison And Massachusetts1261 Words   |  6 PagesAfter exploring options of which states had the most overcrowding in prisons, the best option to go with was California because states like Alabama and Massachusetts did not have current statistics. If anything, their statistics were from 2016 or 2013, making data harder to collect. Therefore, according to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation website, the most recent report they have of the total population is as of midnight February 8, 2017. The total population is 180,885Read MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1166 Words   |  5 PagesBlackboard #1: Realignment Prison overcrowding has always been a problem in California prisons. It has been growing over the year and has now lead the United States Supreme Court to take part in trying to find a solution to this problem. Because of this issue, Plata litigation came through and had a significant impact on the way we see community corrections. The ruling in the Plata litigation in turn lead to AB 109 or The Public Safety Realignment Act to be implemented as a solution to California’sRead MorePrison Overcrowding Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages Prison Overcrowding Nicole Neal American Intercontinental University Abstract This research paper is to explore the impact of prison overcrowding. The United States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not only does the United States have this dilemma, but also many other countries have overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues need to be addressed; ways to reduce the prison populations and how to effectively reduce prison cost withoutRead MorePrison Overcrowding And Its Effects934 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment is to take a look at an existing issue within the American criminal justice system which is prison overcrowding and its effects. Imprisonment is the primary means of punishment in American society for crimes (Ross, 2010; Verro, 2010). In fact, the incarceration rate in America surpasses several other developed nations, due to having over two million inmates presently serving time in prison (Brazell, Crayton, Mukamal, Solomon, and Lindahl, 2009; Vacca, 2004). The American criminal justiceRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overc rowding1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthe criminal justice system is prison overcrowding. To examine a nation’s soul, all one has to do is look inside of its prisons. Even though we have 5 percent of the world’s population we have 25 percent of the world’s prison population. The makeup of our prison population range from first time drug offenders to serial killers. Prisons serve a necessary function in society if used properly to keep the worst of the worst of the streets. In the last 40 years prisons has become a hammer where every

Asians And Census 2000 Essay Example For Students

Asians And Census 2000 Essay There are numerous reasons why full participation is in the Census 2000 is important to the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities. The estimated undercount of the Asian Pacific Islander community in 1990 was 2.3%. Because census data is the basis for almost all demographic information used by policy makers, educators, and community leaders, undercounted communities miss out on their fair share of federal funding for services, adequate governmental representation, and enforcement of civil rights laws that prevent discrimination. An undercount prevents government and other agencies from planning for and implementing culturally and linguistically appropriate services for the Asian Pacific Islander community. (U.S. Census Bureau)Unfortunately, the Asian Pacific Islander community is at risk for a high undercount in the upcoming census. Undercounts tend to be high in communities in which there are language barriers, resistance to outsiders, suspicion of government, disbelief of census confidentiality, non-traditional household living arrangements, irregular housing, large numbers of children, large proportions of renters, and among people or families who are highly mobile. (U.S. Census Bureau)One important reason for full participation by Asian American and Pacific Islander communities is the need for adequate governmental representation. Reapportionment occurs after every census, which is when political districts are reconfigured to reflect changes in the population. When Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are not counted, they are not assigned the correct number of representatives. It is important that they have a voice in the government. There is a need for political empowerment among the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities, and that can happen only when there is accurate representation, which is the result of an accurate census count. Another important reason for the full participation of Asian American and Pacific Islander communities i s the need for community funding. Hundreds of billions of dollars in federal, state, and county funding are allocated each year on the basis of census information. This money is used to support schools, employment services, housing assistance, hospital services, programs for the elderly and disabled, child care, substance abuse prevention, battered womans shelters, and transportation. If there is not an accurate count, the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities will lose out on millions of dollars for community funding. Census information is also used to identify areas that require assistance in languages other than English. For example, it is used to determine whether bilingual material is needed during elections. It also helps government agencies serve the needs of limited English proficient people in education, health care, police and emergency services. This is very important for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders that speak a language other than English, especially in terms of bilingual voting documents, which allow them to participate in the political process. Fortunately, many efforts are being made to ensure that Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are not undercounted in the next census. An Asian Pacific Islander Census 2000 Task Force was formed to organize community education around Census 2000. Community education materials are being translated into the numerous Asian Pacific Islander languages. Bilingual enumerators are being recruited to reach out to non-responding households. These proactive measures will help ensure a more accurate count for Census 2000, which will greatly benefit the Asian American and Asian Pacific Islander communities. Sociology Essays

On the Idle Hill and The Drum Essay Example

On the Idle Hill and The Drum Paper War, in any shape or form, affects people in many different ways. Many people choose to express their feelings and experiences of war in poems. The two poems I have chosen all have different moods, structures and rhythms but their meaning is all the same- war is ruthless, terrifying and pointless. The poem On the Idle Hill is by A. E. Housman (1859-1936). Housman wrote the poem in 1896 and he was not writing about any particular war but just the horror of battle in general. Housman never partook in any war but heard about the terror of it from other peoples experiences. The first verse portrays a peaceful, happy and a warm scene. Words such as summer, sleepy and streams emphasises this. However, the steady drummer cuts through this peaceful atmosphere. It is the sound of the army coming, looking for new recruits to go to war with them. The first stanza seems to be about the drum and how it calls people to war and tears them away from their homes. The line; Drumming like a noise in dreams. Makes the drum seem like a nightmare, something everyone dreads. In the second verse, the tone is lot sadder and darker. The phrases, Far and near and low and louder are suggesting war is everywhere, and can be seen in different levels all over the world. Probably one of the most striking and powerful lines in the poem, Dear to friends and food for powder is very shocking and adds a more personal theme to the poem, because the soldiers are now being seen as friends, fathers and real people instead of just toys in war. The powder is gunpowder so the poet is hinting at the fact that the men are just food for the war. The war is made to sound like a real living thing; this is a good example of personification. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Idle Hill and The Drum specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on On the Idle Hill and The Drum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on On the Idle Hill and The Drum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The final line of verse two, Soldiers marching, all to die. is depressing and it emphasises the pointlessness and horror of war. The rhyme in On the Idle Hill is a b a b and it keeps a slow, steady rhythm throughout the poem, giving a sad, melancholy tone to the poem. The form is which the writer has set out the poem, in four verses; it is effective because each one talks about a different aspect of war. This poem shows A. E. Housmans hatred of battle and how pointless and ruthless he thinks it is. War has obviously affected him deeply and we can see from his language throughout the poem that he feels very strongly about it. In both poems, they both use similar devices such as similes, metaphors and personification. They were both set in the Pre 1914, the effectiveness of both poems have a very big impact because of these quotations: Lovely lads and dead and rotten; for the Idle Hill and for the Drum its this: And burning towns, and ruined swains, both poems show the misery of war and it impacts the reader making them, feel more sorry for the people that went to war and the people will think war is not patriotic but its unpatriotic. The cultural and social background for Drum and Idle Hill are between wars.

Free Essays on The Harlem Renaissance And Black Theatre

Introduction Beginning in the early 1900’s, African-American literature, art, music, drama and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem. The period that is commonly referred to today as the Harlem Renaissance is generally agreed to span from the end of World War I through the middle of the1930’s depression. Originally called the â€Å"New Negro Movement†, the black cultural production of the period was not solely located in Harlem, the celebration of African-American Heritage spread across the nation, encouraging a talented pool of African-American artists, and activists. During this same period, leading up to the 1930’s, black musical theater was one of the few ways to be successful and upwardly mobile in a white society. The route to success in show business for blacks during this period was almost exclusively through black musical theatre. With the debut of Shuffle Along during the early period of the Harlem Renaissance, the face of black theatre was forever changed. Numerous pioneers (that are often forgotten) paved the theatrical road to the Harlem Renaissance. From A Trip to Coontown to Harlem’s Lafayette Theatre, â€Å"†¦black performed play, an oddity in the nineteenth century, became the rage in the early twentieth.† The Early Period 1998-1910 In 1987 Bob Cole and Billy Johnson, with their years of experience on the minstrel and vaudeville circuit, left the group they were touring with to put together their own production. In April of 1898, A Trip to Coontown opened in New York making its debut as the first full-length musical play written and produced by blacks, even if it was slightly off Broadway. A Trip to Coontown was indeed popular, but it ran only briefly on the stage. Coontown, though groundbreaking, was unsophisticated entertainment that did not differ much from a minstrel show. The play was not innovative in it’s content and style, however A Trip to Coontown proved that there was ind... Free Essays on The Harlem Renaissance And Black Theatre Free Essays on The Harlem Renaissance And Black Theatre Introduction Beginning in the early 1900’s, African-American literature, art, music, drama and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem. The period that is commonly referred to today as the Harlem Renaissance is generally agreed to span from the end of World War I through the middle of the1930’s depression. Originally called the â€Å"New Negro Movement†, the black cultural production of the period was not solely located in Harlem, the celebration of African-American Heritage spread across the nation, encouraging a talented pool of African-American artists, and activists. During this same period, leading up to the 1930’s, black musical theater was one of the few ways to be successful and upwardly mobile in a white society. The route to success in show business for blacks during this period was almost exclusively through black musical theatre. With the debut of Shuffle Along during the early period of the Harlem Renaissance, the face of black theatre was forever changed. Numerous pioneers (that are often forgotten) paved the theatrical road to the Harlem Renaissance. From A Trip to Coontown to Harlem’s Lafayette Theatre, â€Å"†¦black performed play, an oddity in the nineteenth century, became the rage in the early twentieth.† The Early Period 1998-1910 In 1987 Bob Cole and Billy Johnson, with their years of experience on the minstrel and vaudeville circuit, left the group they were touring with to put together their own production. In April of 1898, A Trip to Coontown opened in New York making its debut as the first full-length musical play written and produced by blacks, even if it was slightly off Broadway. A Trip to Coontown was indeed popular, but it ran only briefly on the stage. Coontown, though groundbreaking, was unsophisticated entertainment that did not differ much from a minstrel show. The play was not innovative in it’s content and style, however A Trip to Coontown proved that there was ind...

Nuclear Weapons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nuclear Weapons - Essay Example Though the stockpiling of such weapons has been justified by many countries, notably the U.S., as being a deterrent for war, the many negative consequences associated with the use of nuclear weaponry even in a limited capacity has been loudly trumpeted by politicians, scientists, scholars and the majority of the world’s citizens alike. The term ‘limited nuclear war’ is ambiguous at best and considered an oxymoron by some who are confused by the concept of combining ‘nuclear bomb’ and ‘limited use’ together within the same phrase. The guiding principles of force used in a ‘limited war’ can be described as â€Å"the ‘minimum necessary’ and ‘the maximum feasible’† (Brown, 1988: 177). One person’s definition could include a ‘limited’ nuclear strike of a populous city, a clear violation of the moral and ethical standards of most people yet the minority opinion may be the one making that decision. The result could be catastrophic for the victims as well as the region and the collective psyche of the nation who caused the destruction. Germans for example, still have to cope with the national shame of the Holocaust. Military engagements are fraught with imprecise and unpredictable events, seldom precisely regulated. In troducing nuclear weapons escalates the engagement but does nothing to make the situation less volatile thereby only acting to exacerbate an already tense and dangerous conflict. It is unlikely that anyone could provide a reasonable argument demonstrating that using nuclear weapons on any scale could be sustained in a limited form. Nuclear weapons are immensely destructive whether large or small and even restrained use would inflict great harm to people and property. â€Å"Radiation released from each step in the nuclear weapons production cycle causes cancer, congenital defects, mental retardation, immune destruction, cancer,

How to create resilient supply chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

How to create resilient supply chains - Essay Example The process is also critical in planning of the production and supply process, improvement of relationships with suppliers, event management, international trade logistics, and transportation management (Fawcett, Ellram & Ogden 2007). This management is necessary for any enterprise that aspires to improve efficiency. The outcome of a well-managed is the difference between the success and the failure of the enterprise. Creation of a resilient chain is, therefore, an important part in the success of a business entity. Objectives of a supply chain management system An example of a supply chain is a manufacturing chain, which involves the procurement of raw materials, transformation of these raw materials into finished goods, and then transportation to distribution centers, and eventually to consumers. According to Beckmann (2003) the primary objective of the process is to maximize the general value generated. This value is the difference between effort expended in satisfying the custome r’s request and the final products worth to the consumer. These chains are strongly connected with the profitability, which is the margin between the proceeds generated from the consumer and the general cost across the chain. This system is, therefore, aimed at reducing costs related to customer satisfaction (Mentzer et al. 2001). Effective management of the process can results can also reduce the risks associated with breakdowns in the chain. Management also ensures that resources are used elsewhere. Through the reduction in costs, it is possible to transfer the resources that are saved to other productive activities. The management is also influential in the enhancement of management operations (Tan 2001). A steady chain implies more efficient operations which improves the overall productivity and profitability of the business. A properly managed chain also facilitates delivery of quality products over a smaller period (Cohen & Roussel 2005). Issues that affect the supply c hain process A major issue that affects the supply chain is strategy alignment. It is crucial that the business strategy must be in line with the supply strategy in order to attain its desired results (Chen & Paulraj 2004). However, where these strategies are not aligned, there is a higher risk of breakdown in the chain. If the strategy does not work in synchrony with the business strategy, it becomes difficult to properly coordinate the entire process (Arend & Wisner 2005). A poor strategy can also undermine the effectiveness of the supply process. A good strategy must focus on both customer satisfaction and effectiveness, and where these objectives are not met the supply process cannot be effective (Gunasekaran & Ngai 2005). Strategic alliances are particularly essential for the flow of materials, information or money in the supply chain and it needs to be even. This can be achieved through proper communication with strategic alliances (Storey et al 2006). Supply chain risks Busin ess risks can be externally driven such as customers, competitors, regulations or internally driven risks that include processing and operations. Risks can also be decision-driven such as erroneous or insufficient decision support (Stadtler 2008). In assessing risks, that affect supply chains, it is imperative to categorize these risks according to risk sources,